Migration from developing countries Essay

Migration process originated from antique times when tribe pretend from this place to another(prenominal) place oer collectable to the exhaustion of nature elections. Pass thousands year of ontogeny, peck arrest non only searched for natural resources for their demand but also they flip looked for a life with high quality of nutriment, development and social security. Nowadays, there atomic number 18 many people living for away from their home country. Environmental troubles, poor, skirmish and riot, corruption and gap between rich and poor countries argon wholly factor cause migration. As the matter of the fact is almost migrants move from teaching countries to developed countries such as the join States, Canada, France, Italy and Germany to find stabilisation and freedom. According to United Nations (2013), 3.2 percent of worlds population over 230 million people were inter field migrants in 2013.Moreover, migrants wee significant find in not only society bu t also prudence of both abandoned countries and the countries they are moving to. Although, migration could lead to drumhead fail and in deduce inequality but migration from developing countries to developed countries should not halt because it provides sizable assiduity for the shortage of workers in developed countries as well as reducing the impoverishment in developing countries. Migration should not be halt because migrants from developing countries are providing a large proportion of worker for labor shortages in developed countries. According to a report from worldwide melody Leader (n.d), more than 40% of labor twitchs in the Gulf function are migrants.Additionally, the labor work business leader in the United States is change magnitude because of festering of internationalistic migration. Foreign-born persons (in the United States) accounted for 16.4 percent of the local labor force 23.1 million people (Singer 2012). Furthermore, over one in every four-spot foreign workers in the United Stated are Mexican make up approximately 4 percent of labor force (Grieco & ray 2004). Furthermore, according to proletariat Force survey of Eurostat (2013), in 2012, 8.6 million foreigners who came from out butt(a) Europe worked in 27 countries in Europe. These data figures suggest that the supplement of migrants from developing countries into labor force in developed countries were strong read for the good of migration. However, it has been argued that migration leads to brain drain in developing countries.The world-wide agreement of Migration (IOM) estimated that Africa has disjointed one-third of its human resources,particularly skilled people (Siddiqui, 2012). Since 1990, proximately 20,000 doctors, university lectures, engineers and other professionals have gone to developed countries every year (Unesco, (n.d)). This view claims that brain drain is a worrying problem in some countries that have a small number of qualified people in work force. For example, Ethiopia has the highest consider of losing human resources. Over 10 -15 years ago, 50% of Ethiopians did not come back their country after finishing their courses in foreign countries (African renascence Ambassador (n.d)). Moreover, between 1988 and 1991, 74,6% of human capital from many different organizations was lost in Ethiopia (African Renaissance Ambassador (n.d)).Additionally, 75% Jamaicans who are highly educated have been in the United States (Newland, 2003). According to Migration Policy Institute, a wide proportion of highly skilled people 12% of population in Mexico is working in the United States and 30% of its was PhDs (Newland, 2003). Therefore, if losing highly skilled people concerns, extend to of brain drain from migration to developing countries is enormous. The is no denying the fact that developing countries have lost many highly skilled people due to migration but they also got benefits from its. Firstly, developing countries receive d a lot of remittances from migrants. In 2010, according to the Factbooks, remittances from migrants sending back to developing countries change magnitude from $307 billion in 2009 to $325 billion in 2010 three times the size of official development assistances (Theguardian, 2010).Most of remittances amount are transferred to middle- income countries. Furthermore, remittances have an important role in some poorest countries that made up to 25% of countries GDP (Theguardian, 2010). Secondly, there is a trend for migrants to enlarge their home countries taking new skills and knowledge back with them base on policies for attracting talents of the government in developing countries. For example, Chinese government has attached special important to seek and develop talent for Chinese living aboard in recent years finished some programs such as the 2008 gee Talents Program 2010 Thousand little Talents Program 2011 Thousand Foreign Experts Program 2011 Special Talent order and the 2012 Ten Thousand Talent Plan.The purpose of those programs was to attract Chinese migrants return back and contribute their talent for the development of nation. In 2008, over 3,300 Chinese highly skilled professional returned back their home countries by The Thousand TalentsProgram (United Nations Chronicle (2013)). Consequently, the problem of brain drain would not be a matter of concern of migration from developing countries to developed countries. Another issues are migration can reduce need in developing countries. At national level, remittances from international migrants have considerable effect on destitution. According a survey of Adams and Page (2005) which crossing 71 countries, investigated that every 10% of increasing in official international remittances per capita causes decline of 3.5% in people living poverty.Furthermore, international remittances was proved as a method for deep and naughtiness of poverty in Latin America, East West and southbound Africa, So uth Asia and other religion (Adams 1991 Adams 2006 Ajayi et al. 2009 Anyanwu and Erhijakpor 2010 Fajnzylber and Lopez 2007 Gupta et al. 2007 Lachaud 1999). In Nepal, national poverty rate reduced from 42% in 1995-1996 to 31% in 2003-2004 because of growing significantly in remittances ( ball Bank 2006). In entree, remittances were responsible for considerable reduction on poverty at family level. In South Africa, remittances from migrants accounted for 32% of base income in hobnailed (Rwelamira and Kirsten 2003). In overall migrant base income in the four districts of Bangladesh, 55% of its were from international remittances (Siddiqui & Abrar 2003).According to the IOM household remittance survey of Bangladesh (2009) investigated that remittances were cause of 20% migrant household who have increased household income at least(prenominal) once. Dang & et all (2010) found that families have members which are migrant can pull together more property and save it better than fami ly with no migrants. In Ghana, the bear on of economic shocks on household welfare had already dropd significantly due to remittances (Kwankye and Anarfi 2011). On the other hand, some studies found that international remittances are likely to increase income inequality.In 2006, base on data of household survey in Ghana, Adams investigated that Gini index is a standard measure of income inequality, increased from 0.402 to 0.413 when remittances are included in family income. Furthermore, richer family received remittances much more than poorer family in Eastern European and former Soviet Union (World Bank, 2007). Milanovic (1987) also jut out for this idea after using panel date from the 1973, 1978 and 1983 Yugoslavian household survey, the inequality is increased due to international remittances. According to Stahl (1982) and Lipton (1980)migration tend to increase inequality in rural areas because only wealthy families can reserve facilities for searching better change for fami lys members in urban or aboard. In addition, a study of Adams (1989) indicated increasing inequality has happened Egypt because of international remittances.It has argued that international remittances have no impact to increase significantly income inequality, even decrease income inequality index. In 2006, Mckenzie analyzed data of 214 cities with population less than 100,000 people and investigated that migration is a cause of increasing income inequality in the early check but as levels of migration increase, remittances tend to reduce income inequality. Additionally, a survey conducted in Philippines by Yang and Martinez (2006) with a sample group of 26,121 families, which showed that the impact of international remittances on income equality was not statistically significant. Moreover, other report also indicated that remittances have positivist effect to increase income and decrease income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean (Acosta & et al, 2007).In another recen t study, Gubert, Lassourd and Mespl-Somps (2009) found that poverty judge in Mali decreased from 16% to 11% and income inequality by close to 5%. Similarly, remittances have been toward for improving the welfare of poorer rural households (Stark and Taylor (1989) Adams (1991)). Therefore, international remittances have impact of decreasing income equality in developing countries. Migration is not problem for one country or one area of the world. Furthermore, migration has both positive and negative effect to country of origin and destination. However, the fact is that developing countries continue to face challenges to brain drain and income inequality caused by migration.In addition international remittances from migrant sending their home countries help to reduce poverty at nation and family level. At the same time, migration from developing countries provides a vast proportion of worker for labor shortage in developed countries. Migration is benefit to the social and economy. T his is to say migration from developing countries to developed countries should not be stopped because of reducing poverty and providing employees for labor shortage.ReferenceAcosta, P., Fajnzylber, P and Lopez, J. H. (2007). 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