Influential Thinkers In Enlightenment

Influential Thinkers In Enlightenment The most significant development in the 18th century was intellectual progress, known as the Enlightenment. It is a thought movement which gathered various conceptions of god, nature and human beings to a kind of world outlook. Many people approve it. The movement caused revolution changes in art, philosophy and politics. It also advocated reason, suspected church authorities and Feudalism. The ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers had a deeply impact on the European and the Euro-American societies. The most important factor of the Enlightenment was the scientific revolution. Between the 17th century and the 18th century, based on direct observation and mathematical reasoning, astronomers and physicists saw the earth and the universe in a new vision. Relying on observation and mathematics, scholars transformed the natural science in a process which is known as the scientific revolution. Some astronomers and mathematicians also made contribution to the revolution. Ptolemy wrote a book known as the Almagest that combined opinions about the universe. He thought that the earth was at its centre. However, in 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published a treatise On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres that broke with Ptolemaic theory and argued that the sun stood at the centre of the universe. Kepler demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical. Gailleo who invented the telescope used it to view the universe. He popularized the idea that the universe is rational and subject to the laws of mathematics (Bentley, 2002). Another powerful figure was Isaac Newton who culminated the new approach to science. He combined mathematical modeling and scientific observation to derive his famous laws of motion and theory of universal gravitation. Newtons vision of the universe was so powerful and persuasive that its influence extended well beyond science. His work suggested that rational analysis of human behavior and institutions could lead to fresh insights about the human as well as the natural world (Bentley, 2002). Inspired and supported by three innovative astronomers, physicists and mathematicians. European and Euro-American thinkers started an ambitious project to transform all human thought. They abandoned Aristotelian philosophy, Christian religion, and other traditionally recognized authorities, and they began to analyze the world where they live in a rational way. Enlightenment thinkers sought to discover natural laws that governed human society. John Lock, the English philosopher, is the founder of empiricis. He sought to identify the principles of psychology and argued that all human knowledge comes from sense perceptions. He threw away Rene Descartess innate ideas and argued that experience offered spiritual conception to humans heart. He believed the world is consisted of material. His empiricism was continuously developed by later people and became the European main philosophy trend. In politics, he held constitutional monarchy and natural right which includes life, freedom and prop erty right. Between 1689 and 1690 he wrote the most important political treatises The Government. In the first treatise, he disproved Filmers idea that god conferred the monarch authority. In the second treatise, he advocated the rulers authorities should be agreed by the ruled and the only purpose of building country is protecting the security and peoples right. When the government went against the purpose, people have the right to take back the authority by taking action (John Locke, 2010). The Scottish philosopher Adam Smith devoted special thought to the nature of early capitalist society and the principles that made it work. In 1776 he published a lengthy book An inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, a wide-ranging work that uphold free, unregulated markets and capitalist corporation as the main factor of prosperity. The source of Smiths optimism about capitalism is his conviction that society as a whole benefits when individuals pursue their own economic interests and trade on a free market (Bentley, 2002). France , the center of the Enlightenment, produced many prominent intellectuals known as philosophes who advanced the cause of reason. For example, the French nobleman Charles Louis sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would promote political liberty in a prosperous and stable state. Different from philophers, philosophes addressed their works more to the educated public than to scholars. Instead of formal philosophical treatises, they mostly composed histories, novels, dramas, satires, and pamphlets on religious, moral, and political issues. The leader of the Enlightenment is Voltaire who is a philosophe, a writer and a philosopher. Voltaire championed individual freedom and attacked oppressive policies with encouraged witty remark and intense irony. He held nature right and thought that people are equal in nature and before the law. He also waged a long literary campaign against the Roman Catholic church, which he is in the charge of crazy, intolerance and incalculable human suffering. He considered that the church is a factor of oppression (Voltaire, 2010). As the earlier famous philosophe, Hobbes created machine materialism. He thought that the universe consisted of all the moving extension object. He tried hard to explain humans emotion and desire by the principle of mechanical motion. His moral thought includes natural rights and natural laws. The former one means that humans natural character is egoism. The latter means that humans reason rules morality. He disproved the idea that god confers the authority to rulers. He advocated absolute monarchy. He also considered that society had to follow the general will (Hobbes, 2010). As one of the representative of the Enlightenment, Rousseau is a radical who made the most fierce and severe criticize on French feudal society. His ideological essence and basic principle is sovereignty of the people. He considered that all rights belongs to people, government and officials are appointed by people, people have the right to appoint the government, people have the right to replace them, even have the right to revolt in order to abolish rulers who oppress people. He also thought that citizens should observe the law because it is free behaviour. In education, he proposed the idea return to nature that let childrens body freely develop (Rousseau, 2010). Although Enlightenment thinkers reached common ground on the excellence and the effect of humans reason, yet they hold different opinions on detailed issues in politics, religion, philosophy and so on. In politics, Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire and Hobbes all supported with natural rights. Locke and Hobbess nature rights includes life right, freedom right and property right, they thought that people have the right to gain legal property; however, Voltaire thought that the unequal property right can not be avoided and Hobbes thought that natural rights is egoism. Locke and Hobbes both objected to innate ideas and Voltaire and Rousseau both approved with innate ideas. Locke and Rousseau advocated revolutionary legitimacy. But Hobbes insisted on the opinion that people must obey if the ruler was conferred authority. Locke, Voltaire and Rousseau all advocated freedom and equality. Rousseau considered that the law is very important, people should accept it. Hobbes and Voltaire did not agree w ith division of power. Voltaire thought that rulers power came from the ruled, the only purpose of building country is protecting the security and peoples right, when the government went against the purpose, people have the right to take back the authority by taking action. But Locke advocated distribution of power. Locke, Rousseau and Hobbes all advocated social contract. Rousseau considered private ownership is the source of unequal state. In philosophy, Locke and Voltaire both admitted the idea that the world is consisted of material. Rousseau and Voltaire both considered that acknowledge rose from experience. Locke thought peoples heart was just like a paper and experience offered mind conception to it. Hobbes considered that material can not be separated from idea and material did not rely on our thought. In religion, Voltaire and Rousseau are both deist. Voltaire and Hobbes both disproved religion, they thought religion is requisite to maintain social order. The ideas of these Enlightenment thinkers made a lot of contribution to the community. What worth being mentioned is that their ideas not only exert great influence on the scholars, but also affect the European political world, including the most influential figures at that that time such as Napoleon and Queen Catherine. Influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, Napoleon who overthrew the Diretory and became a French military dictator created a united legal code for France. The code included that equal before the law, careers open to talent, free belief, protection of private property, abolition of feudalism and a secular state (Napoleon, 2010). Napoleon also valued education. As the most able Russian monarch, Catherine also influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment. She encouraged nobles to travel in Western Europe and building school to educate aristocrats. She often communicated with some philosophes. She regarded herself as an enlightened despot. She limited the punishment s that the nobles inflicted on the serfs. She also abolished the death punishment. But when the thoughts challenged her rule, she began to object to it (Catherine, 2010). Although the ideas were not carried out completely to the end, it also shook some traditional thoughts. The impact of Enlightenment on human history should never be undervalued. It weakened the influence of organized religion. It also encouraged the replacement of Christian values, which had guided Europeans on religion and moral affairs for a very long time. Furthermore, it encouraged political and cultural leaders to rationally analyze the society and intervene actively in the Enlightenment matters for the interests that brought from promoting progress and prosperity. In many ways, the Enlightenment thought continues to influence European and Euro-American societies in the following centuries. Reference List Bentley Jerry H. (2002). Adam Smith on the capitalist market. Traditions Encounters. The McGraw-Hill companies. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from p657 Bentley Jerry H. (2002). The limits of westernization. Traditions Encounters. The McGraw-Hill companies. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from p786 Bentley Jerry H. (2002). Science and enlightenment. Traditions Encounters. The McGraw-Hill companies. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from pp658-662 Hobbes. (2010). Baike baidu. Retrieved May 22 2010, from http:// baike.baidu.com/view/34984. htm Locke, J. (2010). Baike baidu. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from http://baike. baidu.com/view/51406.htm Napoleon. (2010). Baike baidu. Retrieved May 22, 2010, fromhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/4866.htm Rousseau. (2010). Baike baidu. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from http;//baike.baidu com/view/6499.htm Voltaire. (2010). Baike baidu. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from http://baike.baidu.com/view/view/4782.htm

perfectly Imperfect: The Shakespeare Story :: essays research papers fc

"Perfectly Imperfect: The Shakespeare Story" Few authors today write with such universal understanding that their works will be popular with all types of people, and so successfully that their work survives centuries. These authors posses qualities we can seldom identify in their lifetimes. Yet we do know this -- William Shakespeare was one of them. William Shakespeare's parents were John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. John Shakespeare was born in 1529. His father was a small tenant farmer in Snitterfield, near Stratford-upon-Avon. He became a successful glover and trader, and owned civic office in Stratford. He was not born to the nobility, but he did have some authority in the town. In 1596 he was given by the College of Arms the right to a coat of arms and a crest. Doing that advanced his status to that of a country gentleman. He would belong to the upper class of rural society. That was the class just under the knights and the nobility to which the country gentleman could be promoted if he made money in trade or the law and had influence at court. His rise in authority began the year after he was married. He became constable of Stratford, in charge of keeping the town safe. From 1561 to 1565, he was Chamberlain, responsible for the oversight and maintenance of Corporation of Stratford property. In 1564, his name appeared on the list of Capital Burgesses. He was likely a member for a number of years, just without his name on the list. Capital Burgesses were the main English parliament representatives for towns or boroughs. Later on, he was bailiff of the town, and held many important positions throughout his life. William Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden, was born to nobility, a wealthy family. She was the youngest daughter of Robert Arden, also a country gentleman, of Wilmcote. He left in his will to Mary the estate of Asbies in Wilmcote and six pounds, thirteen shillings, and sixpence. Within a year of her father's death, in 1557, Mary married John Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was the third child, born after Joan and Margaret Shakespeare. Margaret died before William was born, and Joan died sometime before 1569. William was born in 1564. His exact birth date is not known, though it is known that he was baptized on April 26 in the Holy Trinity Church of Stratford. His birthday could have been any of the four or five days before that day. Traditionally, it has been said that he was born on the 23 of April, the same day of his death and St.

Being Mindful Essay

Being Mindful â€Å"Mindfulness described as being in the present moment† (Wood, 2010). The present moment holds a potentially infinite number of things going on both inside the mind and outside the mind. A person is not completely lost in an activity, nor are they completely lost in thought, whether a person is eating a meal, or playing a musical instrument, they are aware of what they are doing. If a person gets all of the worries and regrets out of their mind, it is easier to focus on the things that are happening in the present. A person simply observes whatever is happening, without taking sides or forming attachments to any one single mindset. They are mindful when the mind is open to new thoughts, new ideas, new possibilities, and new ways of thinking. Being mindful contributes to greater effectiveness in the here and now, not the there and then. A person’s mind is not automatically blinded by judgment, evaluation or any one rigid way of thinking, it is the person themselves that create this mind set. In a person’s day-to-day experiences, the conscious mind is always struggling to keep up with the endless flow of changes in the external world. To make the job easier, the mind creates a series of generalizations and assumptions about the world, so we as people believe that we do not have to do as much thinking. Whatever is going on, whether we are working, running, or enjoying a meal, we should always be aware of what is going on around us. Someone should not be overburdened with worries or even dreams of the future, and should not be full of regret or longing for any part of the past, just enjoy experiencing the present moment to its fullest. These three things are important while being mindfulness: Observing with all our senses, one-mindfully (think of one thing at a time), notice when the mind goes somewhere other than the present, and when it does that’s when one needs to then pull it back. University of Rochester researchers report that individuals who are mindful are in tune with their emotions and do act in ways that are compatible with their values and interests. Mindfulness, which is an enhancement of attention too, and awareness of the present, can be linked to better moods, higher self-esteem, a greater life satisfaction, and optimism in all signs of positive psychological health (Rochester, 2010). â€Å"Mindfulness appears to heighten the joys one can experience in everyday events, as well as to be in better touch with what one really needs and feels, It helps people make better choices in a complexworld,† says Ryan, a professor of psychology and psychiatry. To be mindful a person has to put aside their worries about the future and regrets about the past. This can be really liberating since much of what upsets us has happened in other times than the present. I remember listening to my child, tell me about the week they ahead for them of school, but the whole time I was thinking about work that day and what I was going to have to accomplish tomorrow. As the week went on my child came to me and said,† Mommy do you remember I told you about our field trip that we have tomorrow, and you said we could go tonight and get my lunch for the fieldtrip? † Then I realized that she had told me all about it, on that day she was speaking to me; my mind that day had been filled with worries of what had happened at work and of what was, going to happen at work, not on the present moment, it made feel agitated that I had done this to my child. That I had not been very mindful to my child’s needs as I was more concerned with work and the days ahead of me, rather than what I had right there in front of me, that should have been the only thing on my mind at that present moment. In conclusion if more people were mindful to what is in the present moment, be it a parent that is listening to their child, or a student listening to their instructor, parents may have a better understanding of their children and students may have a chance to pass their next test. Being mindful can be a difficult change, but with practice, it is a change many people can make successfully. To have this success a person must remember these three elements: 1) observing with all the senses, 2) one-mindfully (think of one thing at a time) and 3) notice when your mind goes somewhere other than the present, then that is when one needs to pull it back. References Rochester (2010) RetreiviedOctober 2010 From http://www. rochester. edu/news Wood, J. T. (2010). Interpersonal Communication. Wadsworth Cengage Publishing.

healthcare industry analysis essays

healthcare industry analysis essays Optivus was formed in 1993 by the principal engineering team who designed Loma Linda's Proton Center. Optivus has since designed and implemented numerous enhancements, which have increased the variety of treatment sites and the number of patients that can be treated daily. Otivus Technology is an ISO Certified organization that designs, manufactures, and markets hospital-based proton beam therapy systems used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. When Loma Linda University Medical Center (LLUMC) built the world's first hospital-based Proton Treatment Center they assembled an in-house team of highly skilled engineers to lead and manage the complete integration of all the highly specialized technologies. The project was successful and fully commissioned in 1993. The same year, the LLUMC engineering team spun-off and formed Optivus. (Optivus, 2004). Currently the company is facing problems in selling their facility. This report studies the reasons for the failure and recomm ends how to address the issue to maintain a steady growth in the future. The healthcare industry consist of companies that develop, manufacture, market, or distribute health-related products or provide health care services, such as hospitals, nursing homes, HMOs, medical product suppliers, medical equipment and medical device makers, and medical laboratories. Healthcare industry consists of 2 main sub categories. They are healthcare products and healthcare services. (Hoovers, 2004). Health Care Products constitute companies involved in: Medical Equipment Medical Products Distribution Health Care Services constitute companies involved in: Medical Laboratories Medical Practice Management Prescription Benefits Management Specialized Health Care Services. (Hoovers, 2004). In this analysis we focus more on the medical device sub category and medical treatment ...

Green product in Chinese food companies and Prospects for the development of a marketing strategy. The WritePass Journal

Green product in Chinese food companies and Prospects for the development of a marketing strategy. Introduction Green product in Chinese food companies and Prospects for the development of a marketing strategy. IntroductionRATIONALEï ¼Å¡The need for the development of green food industryGreen food industry faces ecological threatChina Green Food Standards urgently with international standardsSpeed up the construction of green food baseTHEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGMETHODOLOGYResearch strategyResearch Method-QuantitativeReference and Bibliography:Related Introduction The aim of the research is to increase the awareness of ‘green product in Chinese food companies and Prospects for the development of a marketing strategy to meet the green challenge.   To consider the concept of green marketing emergence and development To explore the consumption demand of green product via the green customers psychology and their behaviors. To emphasizes on the impacts of quality, brand, package, price, place, advertisement and public relation on the green food marketing. To examine the corporation social responsibility relationships between enterprises and society. To propose a framework for a marketing strategy RATIONALEï ¼Å¡ In recent years, with the level of awareness of food security concerns, the increase in some areas of China green food industry has begun to take shape.   At present, the green food industry has developed the equivalent of 3-5 times the output value of farming. Foods, both at home and abroad, will have huge potential for development, which is the set of economic, ecological and social benefits in one particular industry, there is great economic development. With the improvement of living standards and changes in consumer attitudes, as well as environmental pollution and resource destruction of increasingly serious problem is conducive to peoples health, non-polluting, safe, high-quality nutritious foods has become a fashion, more and more people of all ages.   Development of green food has a sound basis for strong market consumption. Green Food sales data show that people around the world trust in conventional food supply declined, while the rate of increase demand for organic foods has been growing faster than supply.   Japan has 91.6% of consumers interested in organic vegetables, 77% of Americans and 40% of Europeans favorite foods. In China domestic market, organic foods has also been widely welcomed, green food to meet the needs of people living in transition. å… ³ The relevant departments of the two cities, Beijing Shanghai survey showed that 79% -84% of consumers prefer to spend high prices, but also willing to buy green.   According to authoritative institutions predict that the national green food will be consumer demand and profits are growing at a rate of 20% per year. In addition, labor-intensive production of green food, a variety of operating characteristics such as the production of green food in developed countries are subject to certain restrictions, some countries in the aggregate have a serious shortage, at present in Germany, the UK organic foods rely heavily on imports, and import volume of domestic consumption has accounted for 98% and 80%. Green food industry at home and abroad the strong development momentum and the strong demand for the development of Chinas green food industry provides a good external environment. But experts believe that Chinas green food industry is faced with environmental pollution and resource destruction brought about accelerated reduction in the level of quality standards. The need for the development of green food industry Green is clean, safe, high-quality nutritious food, green food production and consumption into the protection of the environment, respect for nature to promote the concept of sustainable development of human society. Start green consumer market, the formation of green food production and consumption trends is essential. First of all, the development of green food is the globalization of Chinas integration into the world economy, the inevitable choice. Chinas accession to the WTO, as a large agricultural country, should bring agriculture and green food processing industry as the countrys pillar industries. Fo green food industry is not only economic benefits were considerable, but in line with Chinas national conditions, construction of green food base, development of special economic ecological agriculture and green food processing industry, will surely have a difficult to measure social and economic benefits.   After accession to the WTO, China should become the worlds foods (mainly organic food), and a major supplier of natural medicines. Second, the development of green food industry is agriculture, the extensive mode of operation from the traditional to the modern green management style, develop modern agriculture needs. In the current context of Chinas resource constraints, but also to change a single large-scale investment of natural resources characterized by low efficiency of resource elements combination, change the grain as the key link, heavy agriculture and light industry agricultural economic growth, changes to a single purely rely on experience in operations, self-sufficient small farmers in semi-subsistence mode of production to achieve the natural economy from extensive agriculture to the commodity economy and the market economy into a modern ecological agriculture and promote the industrialization of green food and internationalization. Third, the development of green food industry is from the traditional planting and breeding industry to an integrated business segment of societys changing needs. Should be in legislation, policies and quality standards of green food products with international standards step by step so do a good job to join the WTO and to meet international competition. To face both domestic and overseas markets and make full use of two kinds of resources, the implementation of modern enterprise management and enhance scientific and technological content and enhance the agricultural and food processing industrys competitiveness.Through different levels and in different forms of vertical and horizontal joint, the formation of trans-regional, cross-sectoral, cross-ownership of modern agriculture and integrated management of enterprises and groups, integrated management of agriculture into the overall pattern of agricultural modernization among. Fourth, the development of green food industry is scattered from the traditional to the modern management of Agricultural Integration of industrial operations changing needs.   Through the industrial management of agriculture, you can optimize the combination of production factors into full play the role of science and technology elements to enhance the quality of agricultural products and grades, and achieve multi-level value-added; income of the farmers was greatly improved. ç «Å¾Ã¤ ºâ€°Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¥â€™Å'æ‰ ©Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ¸â€šÃ¥Å" ºÃ¥   Ã¦Å"‰çŽ‡ã€‚ Through industrialization, the land can be appropriate scales to promote and encourage the farmers embark on a new United Way, and gradually form matched with the needs of the pillar industries, with specialization and regionalization of production of the regional economic structure suited to enhance competition in domestic and foreign markets force and expand market share. Green food industry faces ecological threat Although my country has developed green food industry, natural resource advantages, but in recent years, Chinas industrialization, the agricultural ecological environment has deteriorated trend, direct threat to the green food industry. In recent years, due to agro-ecological environmental degradation caused by agricultural pollution is very serious, industrial three wastes and the large number of urban domestic sewage to the rivers, lakes emissions.   Part of carrying mercury, lead, arsenic, chromium and other harmful toxic substances in industrial waste water through irrigation water to the farmland, coupled with the irrational use of chemical fertilizers (mainly the excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers), pesticides and the loss of human and animal feces, etc., agricultural pollution is increasing, thus lead to surface water and groundwater quality pollution. More than half of Chinas lakes are at different levels of eutrophication status, the Yangtze River and other rivers in the nitrogen content is also showing a rising trend and become a frequent occurrence of red tide offshore of the important reasons. Former vice minister of Ministry of Agriculture, relative to re-Yang believes that to protect the ecological environment, first of all to speed up the development of national agro-ecological environment protection policies and regulations, as soon as possible the establishment of agricultural and agro-ecological environment monitoring system and the development of relevant standards, regular monitoring and reporting of agricultural by-products and its production environment has been polluted, so as to ensure that agricultural products do not harm peoples health.   Actively promote the Festival of nitrogen fertilizer application techniques, adjusting fertilizer structure, and the implementation of balanced fertilizer formula, vigorously develop high-performance multi-fertilizer, promotion of special fertilizer, and actively promote organic manure fertilizer matching system.To strengthen agricultural protection advocacy training to improve management and technical personnel at all le vels of agriculture and the peasant masses of agricultural environmental protection consciousness. Green food industry is a systemic project, the parties must in all aspects to ensure product quality.   The establishment of green food base for the industrialization of green food is conducive to speed up the pace of development is conducive to really make the green out of an Agricultural Integration, Chan Jiaxiao stop the industrialization path.   At present, common organic fertilizer production methods still in the original state, either can not meet the quality and quantity of green food production. China Green Food Standards urgently with international standards As China Green Food standards and international standards are not unified, Chinas green food export restrictions importance of working with international practice. Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences researcher Songkui that foods with international standards, first of all to speed up green standards, certification criteria, such as trade rules with international practice. AAAA grade green food is the integration with the international organic food products, its export potential.   Chinas accession to WTO, has a comparative advantage in agricultural products face a large number of export opportunities. We should speed up the standards of construction, speed up the standards, certification procedures and related rules and regulations with international standards, in order to further explore the international market conditions.   In particular, to master its international standards, and management requirements in respect of its changes, the more accurate market forecasts based on the formulation of scientific marketing strategies in order to quickly enter the international markets and expanding market share. At present, the serious problems faced by the certification body is the certification standards and systems into line with EC standards are not role models, and its certification does not endorse the European Community, recognition is not high.   Many customers have specifically requested by the European Community recognized national accreditation body.   EC in recent years, some well-known Certification Authority have been carried out in China, the organic product certification work, and significantly increasing customer demand.   Chinese certification body in the certification criteria, certification procedures and certification system still needs to be improved, and to the strict accreditation checks. According to the EC requirements and the status of certification bodies in China, we recommend our organic product standards relevant departments to speed up the changes and development work, and actively with the international standards, as soon as possible a unified organic product regulations, in accordance with international standards to establish a reliable and reputable certification system, and through various channels to expand our certified organic product certification bodies and their well-known abroad for Chinese manufacturers to provide effective access to international markets passes.   In addition, in the face of foreign certification bodies for organic products certified in Chinas competitive pressure should increase the sense of crisis, turn pressure into motivation, as soon as possible from the organic product certification in China are not European Economic Community, the United States and Japan, accepted the situation, so that China organic products certified bo dies to become the worlds major markets for organic products to consumers, importers, wholesalers and exporters in China jointly recognized quality certificate Speed up the construction of green food base Foods to form the pattern of big market, the key to have the leading products and mass production as a guarantee.   Experts believe that although our country has a lot of green food base, but the most decentralized management, fragmentation is quite prominent, it is difficult to form scale advantages.   In many places, though already have developed a number of green food, but delays do not form a superiority reason is mainly a single product structure, production and decentralized operation, economies of scale is poor, production, supply and poor convergence.   Most have not formed at home and abroad utter the least sound-quality products.   Therefore, while paying attention to industrial restructuring, with emphasis to large-scale, grouping the direction of taking mergers, horizontal joint-stock forms of cooperation, and vigorously to form a group of large-scale green food production bases and Enterprise Group in order to really play a leading enterprise-led scale production push-pull effect of market circulation in order to continuously enhance our foods at home and abroad market competitiveness. As green food base for the creation, construction, development and growth must be strong leading enterprises to drive.   Actively cultivate high-tech, large-scale, market competitive foods processing enterprises, the formation of the Commonwealth Agricultural Integration of green food development to achieve superiority in agriculture industrialization. ä ¸â‚¬Ã£â‚¬â€š Our country become the worlds major supplier of organic foods. In the domestic large and medium cities should be set up through the window, and opened green channel and other measures to continuously improve the market share; in foreign countries to open up shipping routes through the establishment of overseas offices, start-up window, such as direct sales channels, enhance the radiation power of green food market.   On this basis, we should adopt recommendation, training, selection and other means to continuously develop and expand the ranks of brokers to establish a domestic and international market to ride the flow of force, making organic foods are sold at home and abroad force. THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING The subject which relate with my topic will focus on the author ken peattie’s book, the reason is that he was the first person who discovered the green marketing principle and increasing our knowledge on the concept of environment, not only for the society, but also for all types of organizations. The section for this area is only the primly source understanding, There are four sectors need to be considering in the following order(just a brief description of them): The green marketing defined Ken peattie(1992) point out, ‘Green marketing is a style of marketing which has arisen response to the increasing concern about the state of the global environment and the life it contains (including human life). 1. The green product Ken peattie(1995)said that green product is one of the newest product classifications to arise, but is also one of the most difficult to apply because the green product refers to the production of a specific mode of production, and the relevant specialized agencies by the state found, allowing the use of green food logo pollution, pollution-free, safe, high quality, nutritional food. 3. The green customers and their behaviors Kotler (1994) defines a product as ‘anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need’. The green product is the way to meet the green customers. According to Ken peattie(1992),’The ‘green consumer’ is the driving force behind the green marketing process. It is consumer demand which is encouraging improvements in the environmental performance of many products and the companies that produce them. For marketers, it is important to understand what it means to be a green consumer and perhaps also what it takes to be a green marketer and also said that ‘Marketers are interested in the buying behavior of the customers within the company’s target markets’.   Corporate Social Responsibility In recent years, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a strategic, customer buying behavior, brand, profitability and other key elements of business practice associated with the business. Theory and practice abroad show that corporate social responsibility, not only help to improve the welfare of society as a whole, the improvement of the competitiveness of enterprises also have an irreplaceable role. And because marketing practice, customer satisfaction on long-term corporate profits and shareholder value with far-reaching impact of strategic importance, therefore, to make Chinese companies more proactive social responsibility, in addition to helping companies understand the role of corporate social responsibility and the significance of corporate social responsibility and explore the relationship between the impact of customer satisfaction is definitely a good starting point: the ability to guide enterprises to take the initiative to put its own interests and the intere sts of the community together, through appropriate corporate social responsibility to act to improve overall competitiveness. 1.on the social responsibility associated with customer satisfaction Fortune 500 companies have up to 90% already have a clear measure of corporate social responsibility initiatives (Kotler and Lee, 2004). Business Magazine (Business Week) 2005 special report year, a huge amount of large corporate disclosure related to corporate social responsibility investment, Target Corporation has invested nearly 100 million U.S. dollars, accounting for 3.6% of pre-tax profits, General Motors has invested 51.2 million U.S. dollars , representing the pre-tax profit of 2.7%, General Millss invested 60.3 million U.S. dollars, accounting for 3.2% of pre-tax profits, Merck has invested 920 million U.S. dollars, accounting for a pre-tax profit of 11.3%, Hospital Corporation of America has invested 9.2 100 million U.S. dollars, accounting for 43.3% of pretax profits. Clearly, the rise of corporate social responsibility is socio-economic development to a certain stage. In developed countries, this concern of corporate social responsibility and oversight is increasing. Meanwhile, in the marketing literature, customer satisfaction because of the long-term profits and market value has a profound effect (Gruca and Rego 2005), there are also positive on shareholder value impact (Anderson, Fornell and Mazvancheryl 2004) and has important strategic significance, therefore, to explore corporate social responsibility impact on customer satisfaction has important theoretical and practical significance. Some foreign scholars, the enterprise has undertaken various social responsibility, not only help to improve the welfare of society as a whole, beneficial to the enterprise itself. Bhattacharya, Smith, and Vogel(2004) proposed corporate social responsibility and should be integrated marketing strategy, corporate social responsibility to corporate brand equity, customer equity, market share, positive impact on corporate image.Chahal and Sharma (2006) established a corporate social responsibility analysis of the impact marketing performance framework, and that corporate social responsibility of enterprises is an effective marketing tool. Sen and Bhattacharya (2001) indicated that although the existing empirical studies of methods, approaches, there are still some flaws, but that the corporate social responsibility on corporate financial performance has a weak positive effect. Willmott   and Mitchell (2001) research shows that consumers prefer more responsible products and services. T hese scholars are directly or indirectly, that the performance of corporate social responsibility good or bad indeed has an impact on customers. Therefore, this study suggests that further study of corporate social responsibility, the impact on customer satisfaction, can help us better understand the role of corporate social responsibility and the concept of customer satisfaction orientation. Some of the existing research support, directly or indirectly, corporate social responsibility and the link between customer satisfactions: Daub and Ergenzinger (2005) proposed the general customer concept. Most customers is not only concerned about the consumer experience of the consumer, but also the actual or potential stakeholder groups, one. From this point of view, the general customer will show good corporate social responsibility to provide more satisfactory products and services. Good corporate social performances of companies, more beneficial to create a positive public opinion, enhance the consumers evaluation of the enterprise to improve the attitude of the consumer business (Brown1998 and Dacin 1997; Gurhan Canli and Batra 2004; Sen and Bhattacharya 2001). Especially in recent years, some studies (Bhattacharya and Sen 2003, 2004) proposed construction of corporate social responsibility is a key element of corporate identity, to attract customers more comfortable with a company, which is to produce a close relationship. In fact, Lichtenstein, Drumwright and Bridgette (2004) made a good corporate social performance of enterprises improved customer identification, to make it more support for the company, thus creating benefits for the company. Is not difficult to infer, full identification of the customers products and services more satisfied. (Bhattacharya, Rao and Glynn 1995; Bhattacharya and Sen 2003) Luo Bhattacharya (2006) believe that corporate social responsibility customer satisfaction by influencing the antecedent and thus affect the customer satisfaction. For example, empirical studies have shown that perceived value is an important antecedent to enhance customer satisfaction (Fornell et al. 1996; Mithas, Krishnan, and Fornell 2005b). Luo and Bhattacharya (2006)point out that in the other conditions being equal, a good corporate social performance of companies, customers can get a higher perceived value, thus enhancing their satisfaction with products or services, good social performance as product or service into a value added. Brammer and Pavelin (2004) findings suggest that, overall, corporate social responsibility and corporate reputation has a significant relationship. The corporate image as the concept of corporate reputation of the approximation (Dowling, 1993), the European model of customer satisfaction (ECSI), Chinese Customer Satisfaction Model (CCSI), there are certain degree of expression. METHODOLOGY Research strategy Case Study: Case study research is a method designed to study the particular within context and has a very specific purpose. [] The purpose of a case study is to provide a holistic account of the case and in-depth knowledge of the specific through rich descriptions situated in context. This may lead to an understanding of a particular phenomenon but it is understanding the case that should be paramount by PICARD, A.J (2007) This paper will using the Tainted Sanlu Baby Milk Powder Incident identify the problems/issues in this case that are relevant to marketing.Analyze the case and apply concepts and theories of marketing to discuss the problems/issues Will be identified. Marketing Problems: For example: Celebrity Endorsement 1. Balance theory: the scandal of the brand consumer’ negative attitude toward the brand consumer’s negative attitude toward the celebrity. 2. Social responsibility of the company; The effectiveness of public relations in a crisis; Product recall B2B Problems: Supply Chain Management; Total Quality Management; Outsourcing; Purchasing†¦ The link including the milk powder production, cow raising, raw milk collection and dairy processing Outsourcing to dairy farmers and milk dealers – they added melamine to the milk so that the diluted milk could still meet standards B2B Problems: Supply Chain Management; Total Quality Management; Outsourcing; Purchasing The link including the milk powder production, cow raising, raw milk collection and dairy processing:Purchasing, Quality control. Dairy farmers Milk dealers Diary Producer (Sanlu) Supermarket Consumers:Cow raising  Ã‚   Raw,milk collectionDelivery, storage B2B Problems: Supply Chain Management; Total Quality Management; Outsourcing ; Purchasing There are two choose will be use(alternative): 1.investigate the problems from Sanlu (one company) perspective; 2.investigate the whole diary industry (Sanlu, Mengniu, Yili, Nestle; local brands international brands); Collect information from various sources; talk with diary distributors, diary producers, milk dealers, even consumers†¦ Research Method-Quantitative Questionnaires/Survey A questionnaire will be completed through monkeysurvey.com/ This project analyzes the impact of this behavior to identify the determining factor through research on the green purchase intention of consumers to. To this end, I designed a brief questionnaire, from different perspectives influence consumer purchasing decisions on a variety of psychological and social factors that raise questions. This study will include 16 different area of Chinese food industry category (See appendix for a complete list of green products to be pre-tested for inclusion in the final survey instrument!). There will be two scales assessing the benefit emphasis of each item in the pretest. One scale will assess â€Å"benefit to individual† and would range from â€Å"very little† to â€Å"Very much† using a 5-point scale. The other scale will assess â€Å"benefit to society† in the same manner. The gray items will then be excluded, i.e., those which fall in the middle of the spectrum and are considered by some to benefit primarily the individual, by others primarily society. The purpose for this survey is to identifies the Influence of consumer decision to purchase organic foods on the determinants of access to a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of sustainable consumption and thus contribute to the further development. Reference and Bibliography: 1.Anderson, Eugene W., Claes Fornell, and Sanal Mazvancheryl (2004),â€Å"Customer Satisfaction and Shareholder Value,† Journal of Marketing,68:4 (October), 172-185. 2. Bhattacharya, C., Rao, H. Glynn, M.A. 1995. Understanding the bond of identification: An investigation of its correlates among art museum members. Journal of Marketing, 59: 46-57 3.Bhattacharya, C.B., and Sen, S. (2003). Consumer-Company Identification: A Framework for Understanding Consumers’ Relationships with Companies. Journal of Marketing 67(2): 76–88. 4.Bhattacharya, C.B., Smith, N. C., and Vogel, D. (2004). Integrating Social Responsibility and Marketing Strategy: An Introduction. California Management Review 47(1): 6–8. 5.Brammer, S Pavelin, S 2004, ‘Voluntary social disclosures by large UK companies’, Business Ethics: A European Review, vol. 13, no. 2/3, pp. 86-99. 6.Brown, Tom J. (1998), â€Å"Corporate Associations in Marketing:Antecedents and Consequences,† Corporate Reputation Review, 1 (3), 215–33. 7.Chahal , H. and Sharma, R.D 2006, ‘Implications of Corporate Social Responsibility on Marketing Performance: A Conceptual Framework’, Journal of Services Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 205-216. 8.Daub, C.-H., Ergenzinger, R. (2005). Enabling Sustainable Management through a New Multi-Disciplinary Concept of Customer Satisfaction. European Journal of Marketing, 39(9/10), 998-1012. 9.Dowling, G.(1993).Developing your company image into a corporate’, Long Range Planning vol:101 no.9 10.Fornell, C., M. D., E. W. Johnson, J. Anderson, J. Cha, and B. E. Bryant (1996), The American Customer Satisfaction Index: Nature, Purpose, and Findings, Journal of Marketing, 60, 7-18. 11.Fornell, C., Mithas, S., Morgeson, F. and Krishnan, M. S. (2006). Customer satisfaction and stock prices: High returns, low risk. J. Marketing 70(1) 3–14. 12.Luo, X., and Bhattacharya, C.B. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility, Customer Satisfaction and Market Value. Journal of Marketing 70(4): 1–18 (lead article). 13.Gurhan -Canli Z.Batra R(2004),† When corporate image affects product evaluations:the moderating role of perceived risk 14.Gruca, T.S., and L.L. Rego (2005) Customer Satisfaction, Cash Flow, and Shareholder Value. Journal of Marketing, Volume 69, July: 115-130 15.Kotler,P(1994)Marketing Management:Analysis,Planning,Implementation and Control(7th edn),Prentice Hall. 16.Kotler, P. Lee, N., 2004.When it comes to gaining a market edge while supporting a social cause, ‘corporate social marketing’ leads the pack’. Stanford Social Innovation Review, [Online]. Spring, Available t: ssireview.org/site/printer/best_of_breed/ [accessed4 August 2008] 17.Mitchell, A., Sikka, P., Willmott, H. (2001), Policing knowledge by invoking the law: critical accounting and the politics of dissemination, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol. 12 No.5, pp.527-55. 18.Peter A. Dacin (1997), â€Å"The Company and the Product:Corporate Associations and Consumer Product Responses,† Journal of Marketing, 61 (January), 68–84. 19.PICARD, A.J (2007) Research methods in information. pp. 85. 20.Peattie, K(1992). Green Marketing. London: Pitman Publishing 21.Peattie,K(1995). Environmental Marketing Management. Pitman Publishing, London. 22.Sen, Sankar and C. B. Bhattacharya (2001), â€Å"Does Doing Good Always Lead to Doing Better? Consumer Reactions to Corporate Social Responsibility,† Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 225-244 Appendix: Green Products to be pre-tested for possible inclusion in survey: 1. Beverages 2. Dairy 3. Alcohol 4. Baked goods 5. Cigarettes 6. Convenience food 7. Meat, poultry and eggs 8. Canned Food 9. Tea 10. Oil 11. Condiment (seasoning) 12. Snacks 13. Health-care food 14. Sea food 15. Fruit and vegetable 16. Grain processing

Marrimark case(FIFO_LIFO) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marrimark case(FIFO_LIFO) - Coursework Example The ever strengthening value of the Chinese currency which is denominated in Yuan or Renminbi against the US Dollar became another adverse factor for the company as this compounded and further elevated the increase in costs incurred by Merrimack. The flexibility in the exchange rate by Chinese authorities against US Dollar decreased from a CNY: USD ratio of 8.3:1 until mid-2005 to below 7.0:1 by early 2008. Oil prices increase further deteriorated the situation for Merrimack as this elevated shipping costs of transporting finished mowers to the United States by almost 200% with the cost of shipping a 40-foot container from Shanghai to US rising from $3,000 in 2000 to almost $9,000 by 2008. The above critical factors changed the advantage of outsourcing for Merrimack into a soul disadvantage as these cost increments did not affect Merrimack’s competitors such as The Toro Company who has its material manufacturing setup in the United States. This rival was comparatively less aff ected by the increase in manufacturing costs in Asia and indeed benefitted from the weakening dollar in export markets in which it played and competed. All these aspects shrank Merrimack’s sales margins for tractors and mowers and the projected bottom-line or net income of 2008 was lower than that of yielded in 2007 and earlier years. This was not acceptable to the stakeholders of the company and the outside directors pressurized the company’s CEO to keep growing earnings and profits otherwise which will lead to a professional manager to replace him who was not a family member of the Martinos. All these factors were taken into account but the idea of re-development and re-establishing of manufacturing operations in Nashua were dismissed by the company. Searching for another off-shore supplier was a possibility to carry out but that too not before 2009 to sustain the current trends of net income and growth of the company. These plans were not ought to be good and execut able plans until the company controller or the CFO, James Colburn, thought of varying the inventory valuation methods for tractors, mowers and parts, to boost up Merrimack’s bottom-line and satisfy its stakeholders. The CFO had an idea to change the company’s current inventory valuation method (LIFO) into FIFO which will ultimately elevate earnings but will come together with an increase in the tax payables. This was a plan which the CEO had to clearly conceive in order for it to be executed or rejected. The CEO’s concern is to enhance the earnings position of the company and satisfy its stakeholders. After hearing the CFO’s idea about changing inventory valuation method, the CEO ordered the CFO to prepare a memo and a pro-forma income statement for the year 2008 to depict the changes in the bottom-line. The CEO is studying on the drastic impact which a simple change in accounting methods can bring for a company. Effect of CFO’s suggestion on Merri mack’s financial statements The change of the inventory valuation method from LIFO to FIFO which the CFO is suggesting would have a number of effects on the company’

Kant's ethical theory applied on cases of violence Essay

Kant's ethical theory applied on cases of violence - Essay Example Indicating that an act that has been adopted across the world is ethical. Secondly, it advocates for the protection of the human dignity; people should not just be used, humanity should be treated as an end and not in any way as the means. Finally, it advocates for an act that exemplifies fairness from all directions, that is, a person’s act should be conscious of both the actor and the one being affected by the actions. In this proposition by Kant, reciprocity of actions is very important (Wike & Showler, 2010). In this essay, I will put into perspective the application of this theory in incidences of violence that entails both self-defense and proactive violence. According to the Kantian theory, morality is not based exclusively on reasoning but also the moral worth of a given action. Engaging in act of violence can be considered moral when the reason behind the engagement can be validated. Though it is important for an individual to apply their reasoning before they act, it is of essence that they are weigh whether the act can be universalized (Wood, 2012). For example, when a thief that has been terrorizing people and poses a threat to the community to the society, the moral worth of such an action can be established. According to Kant’s predispositions, the moral status of humans is based on their rationality; this means humans have the capacity to distinguish what is moral and what is not, hence some sort of universalizability. Therefore, it is possible to point to a moral action based on the extent to which we are able to apply our reasoning. However, despite the human rationality predicting the moral position taken, the basis of the judgment made is not clearly defined. Kant’s argument that reasoning also plays a pivotal role in the determination of the morality has a strong basis since humans not only acts on impulses but also on reasoning (Sullivan, 1989). Therefore, engagement in violent activities is an interplay of the two